Quantum computing is no longer a futuristic concept—it is advancing rapidly and has the potential to break the encryption algorithms that safeguard today’s digital world. While quantum computers capable of such feats may not be in widespread use yet, their eventual arrival poses a serious threat to data security. Sensitive information encrypted today could be harvested now and decrypted later once quantum capabilities mature—a risk known as “store now, decrypt later.”
Post‑Quantum Cryptography (PQC) offers a solution. It is a new class of encryption algorithms designed to withstand quantum attacks. For organizations that handle sensitive data—financial records, healthcare information, trade secrets, government intelligence—the time to prepare is now, not when quantum computers reach maturity.
This article explores what PQC is, why it matters, and the steps you should take to prepare your organization for a post‑quantum world.
What is Post‑Quantum Cryptography?
Post‑Quantum Cryptography refers to cryptographic algorithms that are secure against both classical and quantum computer attacks. Unlike current public‑key systems such as RSA and ECC, which rely on the difficulty of factoring large integers or computing discrete logarithms, PQC algorithms are based on mathematical problems that quantum computers are not known to solve efficiently—such as lattice‑based, code‑based, multivariate, and hash‑based cryptography.
The Quantum Threat: How It Breaks Encryption
Quantum computers leverage quantum bits (qubits) to process information in ways impossible for classical computers. Algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm can factor large numbers exponentially faster than the best-known classical algorithms. This means that widely used public‑key encryption methods could be rendered obsolete in a quantum future.
Store Now, Decrypt Later: The Silent Risk
Attackers can intercept and store encrypted data today with the intent of decrypting it in the future when quantum capabilities are available. This is especially concerning for sensitive data with long‑term confidentiality needs—such as medical records, financial transactions, and classified government information.
NIST‑Approved PQC Algorithms
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been leading a multi‑year effort to standardize PQC algorithms. As of the latest round, algorithms like CRYSTALS‑Kyber (for encryption) and CRYSTALS‑Dilithium (for digital signatures) are leading candidates for standardization. These algorithms are designed to replace or supplement vulnerable cryptosystems before quantum threats emerge.
Industries Most at Risk
Sectors that depend heavily on confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information are most at risk from quantum threats:
Financial services: Banking transactions, payment systems, and blockchain applications.
Healthcare: Patient data, genomic research, and medical device security.
Government & defense: Classified information, diplomatic communications, and critical infrastructure control systems.
Technology & IP‑driven industries: Proprietary algorithms, research, and intellectual property.
Steps to Begin Your PQC Transition
1. Inventory Your Cryptographic Assets – Identify all systems and applications that rely on public‑key cryptography.
2. Assess Risk Based on Data Lifespan – Determine which information needs to remain secure for years or decades.
3. Implement Hybrid Cryptography – Use both classical and PQC algorithms during the transition period.
4. Engage Vendors Early – Ensure third‑party solutions and services are planning for PQC readiness.
5. Stay Informed – Follow NIST developments and industry best practices to adapt as standards evolve.
Conclusion
The quantum threat is inevitable—it is not a question of if, but when. Organizations that begin preparing for post‑quantum cryptography today will have a significant security advantage when quantum capabilities mature. By understanding the threat, adopting quantum‑resistant algorithms, and implementing a strategic transition plan, you can protect your data for the decades to come.